High School and Teen Pregnancy Essay

A. General Purpose: To inform B. Specific Purpose: To inform my audience on what I see as the biggest challenges young adults face today. C. Central Idea: I will give three reasons as to what I see as the biggest challenges are; the abuse of drugs and alcohol, teen pregnancies, and unemployment. I. Introduction A. More than half of teen mothers never get their high school diploma because they drop out of high school to provide a better parenthood for their child. B. The use of illegal drugs is increasing in young teens. An average age of first usage of marijuana is 14 and alcohol usage can start at age 12. The usage of marijuana and alcohol is now very common in high schools. C. More than 40% of those who have earned their college degree in the last two years are working in a job that does not require their degree. II. A. Teen pregnancy is affecting young adults more each year. 1. Young adults are taught that it is okay to raise a child no matter what age you are. 2. Even though statistics show that teen pregnancies are a negative outcome in their lives, some manage to make it a positive outcome. B. Young adults do not realize the use of drugs and alcohol at young age can cause negative effects on your life. They feel like they are indestructible and immune to the problems that others experience. 1. It is common for teens to experiment the use of drugs and alcohol. The problem is when they get addicted and are moving on to more dangerous drugs. 2. see more:papers on teen pregnancy Teenagers, who are depressed, have low self-esteem, and feel like they don’t fit in will most likely develop a serious drug and alcohol problem. C. Some young adults who are unemployed, are not able to pay their student loans, car payments, and cannot afford an apartment so they have to go back to their childhood bedroom and live with their parents. 1. The unemployment rate in young adults rose significantly in just one month of July 2013 from 16. 4% to 16. 8%. 2. More than 4 out of 5 are now delaying and changing their major life decisions. I. Conclusion Young adults face many challenges every day. I have listed the main three that I consider are the biggest, teen pregnancy, the abuse of drug and alcohol, and the unemployment that young adults are facing today. Some challenges are just part of life and we have to learn how to deal with them, but there are others such as unemployment that we can change. The thing is, it’s not going to change by its self, and we have to do something about it if we want to see a change in the coming future.

Isopod Behavior Lab Report Essay

Background Information: In our lab we were working with isopods, also known as pill bugs or rollie pollies. The isopods that we worked with were land isopods. They like to live in moist places under untouched objects such as boards, bricks, rotting logs and or rocks. Basically, they will live anywhere! If you are lucky enough, you can even find them next to buildings where it is moist and if there is food. All living organisms like certain things and don’t like certain things, for example; most animals will try to eat something sugary or sweet, like a piece of candy. While the same animal my not wanting to eat something that is not sugary or sweet like peas. Every organism acts different, especially when a stimulus is affecting them. While other times the organism can do something for no reason, well at least to our knowledge. Relationships also can be a factor on how organisms act, most likely being aggressive or submissive. For example, male crocodiles will fight each other for a mate; this is showing their aggressive side. After one of the crocs has won the fight, the female croc will be submissive towards him to show dominance. This shows how they can act because of a relationship. Another example is people and the weather, which is a stimulus. People who like mild to hot temperatures will most likely go outside to do things. While people who don’t like the cold temperatures will do things inside, just so they don’t go outside. This shows how a stimulus can affect an organism’s behavior and what they do. Hypothesis: For my hypothesis I wrote, â€Å"If the pill bugs are in the petri dish with the other chemicals then they will go to the filter paper where the sugar is more so then the other filter paper that has chemicals on it†. I choose this hypothesis for many reasons. First off, I know that most organisms, bugs, insects, etc†¦ like sweet and sugary tasting things. I know this because I always see ants in my kitchen trying to get to the sugar rather then anything else. I know the pill bugs will not like the vinegar because most bugs will not go for vinegar. This goes the same with salt. I also thought about the water, this would be my second choice for my hypothesis. As I was writing my hypothesis, I also tried to tie it to me as well. I personally favor sugar over the others, next would be water, then salt, and last but not least vinegar. Using my personal taste, I was better able to make my decision on my hypothesis. Procedures: Procedure 1: 1 petri dish was placed on top of table. A dry piece of filter paper was centered into petri dish. Four pill bugs were placed into the petri dish; the petri dish was covered with an index card then a stack of post-it notes was placed on top of the index cards. The pill bug’s behavior was observed for 5 minutes, data was gathered and written on the paper. No human influence had any affect on the pill bugs behavior. Procedure 2: One piece of circular filter paper was taken and cut into 4 equal sections. The 4 sections of filter paper were then assigned and labeled with a letter from A – D. The chemicals were collected, which were water, salt solution, sugar solution and vinegar. Using a dropper, 5 – 10 drops of each solution were placed on a separate piece of filter paper. Then the filter paper with the solutions on it was placed in the petri dish, 4 pill bugs were then added into the petri dish. The pill bugs behavior was observed and recorded over th e course of 5 minutes by recording how many pill bugs would go on each piece of filter paper in 30-second intervals. After that the pill bugs were returned to their home, the filter paper and the lab station were cleaned. Over the course of our lab, our group collected lots of data from the pill bugs behavior. At the beginning of our lab we had placed the pill bugs in the petri dish with dry filter paper and we observed their behavior. The pill bugs were going around the inside rim of petri in circles following each other, almost as if it were a game of tag. The pill bugs never seemed to stop moving, flipping over and were constantly climbing. Some of the pill  bugs even tried to escape from the petri dish, but our group was quick to make that didn’t happen. As our lab went on, we placed the 4 different pieces of filter paper with solutions on them and then added 4 pill bugs to it. We collected lots of information during this procedure. This table represents how many pill bugs were on each slice of filter paper, that had a different solution on each of them, over 30 second intervals lasting 5 minutes. This is what were recorded our data on for this part of the lab. Conclusions: The purpose of our experiment was to observe the behavior of the pill bugs. We were trying to find exactly whether the pill bugs would be attracted or repelled by the chemicals. The chemicals used were vinegar, water, salt solution and a sugar solution. By placing strips of filter paper with the solutions on it into a petri dish and then adding the pill bugs did attract and repel the pill bugs. This experiment would show whether the pill bugs would be attracted to one or some of the 4 chemicals in petri dish. This experiment was relevant to the topic because the pill bugs would show some kind of different behavior, which is what the topic was related to because the topic was that some animals behave in different ways, especially to a stimulus. From the experiment I learned that the pill bugs behavior did change when the chemicals were added to the petri dish. From the data that we recorded in the chart it showed that the pill bugs like to go to the sugar solution the most. This does not surprise me because I thought the pill bugs would be most likely to go to the sugar solution. I thought this because most animals would chose something that is sugary and sweet, so I tied this into the experiment and this is also how I formed my hypothesis. Next came the water solution that the pill bugs liked. Then, came the salt solution. Then, came the in between filter. Finally, came the vinegar solution. This does not surprise me that the pill bugs like the vinegar solution because I know ants don’t like vinegar, so I thought the pill bugs would be the same. These  results fully support my hypothesis about the experiment. Through this experiment my hypothesis was proven correct. My original hypothesis was, â€Å"If the pill bugs are introduced to the chemicals, then the pill bugs will most likely go to the sugar solution rather then go to the others†. I then looked at the results of my experiment and it showed that the pill bugs liked the sugar solution the most. This alone proves that my hypothesis is correct. I believe the accuracy and precision in my results is 100% correct. I believe this to be valid because I ensured there were no errors made during the experiment. Even though there was a lot of room for error I made sure that it didn’t happen. This experiment could have been revised, as there should have been a bigger petri dish or something larger to hold the pill bugs in. This way more solutions could have been used like the same 4 chemicals just more slides of them. This would show more accurately that they really did like the sugar; this would eliminate any one saying that it was a fluke, that the pill bugs liked the sugar. I also think more pill bugs should have been added. I think that this would allow for more room for accuracy and precision in the experiment. From the experiment I learned that pill bugs are very interesting organisms. I had a lot of fun doing the experiment. I learned that out of a sugar solution, a salt solution, vinegar and water, that the pill bugs will choose the sugar solution the most. I also learned from this experiment that an experiment can always be redone and that it will show more accurate results. Before this experiment I always thought that one experiment could be good enough for 100% accuracy. Then, I thought about this experiment and I realized that this experiment could be better done. I also learned that pill bugs also like to climb on top of each other. This was interesting to me because I never thought they would do that because, you don’t see people or elephants climbing top of each other. These are some facts that I learned from the lab. In conclusion, the experiment showed the behavior of the pill bugs when chemicals were introduced. When the sugar solution, salt solution, vinegar and water were added and the pill bugs behavior was changed by whether they  were attracted to it or not. Through my results from the experiment the pill bugs liked the sugar solution the most and that supported my hypothesis. The experiment had no errors, but could have been done better. Finally, through the experiment I learned many new things, I had a lot of fun and I realized that not every experiment is not always the best one done. I also learned that an organism’s behavior could be affected by a stimulus even though we may not see it.

My Love My Dove

My lady love, my dove. Arthur is happily married to Pamela, a very wealthy woman. They are awaiting some weekend guests, the Snapes, and Pamela isn't looking forward to it. The only reason she invited them was that the Snapes are good bridge players and they play for a decent stake. Suddenly Pamela gets the idea that they should bug the Snapes's room. She wonders what they think about them. Bored with the idea of entertaining them, Pamela, a domineering woman, persuaded Arthur to conceal a loud speaker in the guest bedroom as a joke. Arthur gave in only to avoid an argument.Arthur doesn't like the idea, but Pamela bullies him and reminds him that they've done similar things together in the past. â€Å"I'm a nasty person,† she says. â€Å"And so are you — in a secret sort of way. That's why we get along together. † Although Arthur was against the idea, he did his job with incredible enthusiasm. He carefully put the wire for a long time, thinking about how to do ev erything quickly and at the same time in the best way. In the hero woked up passion. It was their common characteristic that united them. On the other hand, Pamela was more playful, you can tell, she came up with the idea and Arthur supported her.Later the guests arrive and everyone has a pleasant dinner. Afterwards they play bridge, and the Snapes have all the luck. The wife, Sally, makes one mistake though that costs them several hundred points. At the end of the evening the couples part and Pamela excitedly tells Arthur to turn on the speaker. They are astonished to hear Mr. Snape reprimanding his wife for her earlier bridge error. She apologizes, but he tells her that they're just going to have to practice some more. Arthur realizes that they're talking about a betting code which allows them to cheat and know all of their partner's cards.They were cheating their host out of all the money they could. Arthur was horrified, but Pamela thought it was terrific. She decided they shoul d begin to learn their own code immediately. Again Arthur was unable to argue.  «Why, Arthur, this is a marvellous idea†¦ Go fetch a deck of cards; we'll start right away.  » Some words about these two couples. Arthur really loves his wife, admires her, talks with her sincerely. Their relationship seems sometimes difficult, but in fact their minor disputes do not carry anger or misunderstanding. The second couple is quite different.At the sight of all, they behave like a good, loving couple, but in fact their relationship is poor. Husband says nice things to his wife when she is mistaken. In the story, after the game the guests went to their room, and our heroes became to eavesdrop on them. The worst thing is not that the guests cheated during the game. The ratio of the husband to his wife is terrible. He presses his wife, speaks with her in a gruff voice, scolds, completely suppresses her will. He does not care that she was tired, he does not care about her feelings. These two couples are diametrically opposed.I don’t think that the hero Arthur is weak. This couple reminded me of the notion of mind and heart. Pamela easily takes crazy decisions, pushes them to her husband, and he thinks for a long time, trying to argue, but at the time of surrender takes a new game. This feature of craving for something forbidden is in both, but manifests itself in different ways. The story shows two types of relationships in the family. When someone controls and suppresses, and when people find common ground and go through life, sharing not only common interests but also feelings and respect for each other. My Love My Dove My lady love, my dove. Arthur is happily married to Pamela, a very wealthy woman. They are awaiting some weekend guests, the Snapes, and Pamela isn't looking forward to it. The only reason she invited them was that the Snapes are good bridge players and they play for a decent stake. Suddenly Pamela gets the idea that they should bug the Snapes's room. She wonders what they think about them. Bored with the idea of entertaining them, Pamela, a domineering woman, persuaded Arthur to conceal a loud speaker in the guest bedroom as a joke. Arthur gave in only to avoid an argument.Arthur doesn't like the idea, but Pamela bullies him and reminds him that they've done similar things together in the past. â€Å"I'm a nasty person,† she says. â€Å"And so are you — in a secret sort of way. That's why we get along together. † Although Arthur was against the idea, he did his job with incredible enthusiasm. He carefully put the wire for a long time, thinking about how to do ev erything quickly and at the same time in the best way. In the hero woked up passion. It was their common characteristic that united them. On the other hand, Pamela was more playful, you can tell, she came up with the idea and Arthur supported her.Later the guests arrive and everyone has a pleasant dinner. Afterwards they play bridge, and the Snapes have all the luck. The wife, Sally, makes one mistake though that costs them several hundred points. At the end of the evening the couples part and Pamela excitedly tells Arthur to turn on the speaker. They are astonished to hear Mr. Snape reprimanding his wife for her earlier bridge error. She apologizes, but he tells her that they're just going to have to practice some more. Arthur realizes that they're talking about a betting code which allows them to cheat and know all of their partner's cards.They were cheating their host out of all the money they could. Arthur was horrified, but Pamela thought it was terrific. She decided they shoul d begin to learn their own code immediately. Again Arthur was unable to argue.  «Why, Arthur, this is a marvellous idea†¦ Go fetch a deck of cards; we'll start right away.  » Some words about these two couples. Arthur really loves his wife, admires her, talks with her sincerely. Their relationship seems sometimes difficult, but in fact their minor disputes do not carry anger or misunderstanding. The second couple is quite different.At the sight of all, they behave like a good, loving couple, but in fact their relationship is poor. Husband says nice things to his wife when she is mistaken. In the story, after the game the guests went to their room, and our heroes became to eavesdrop on them. The worst thing is not that the guests cheated during the game. The ratio of the husband to his wife is terrible. He presses his wife, speaks with her in a gruff voice, scolds, completely suppresses her will. He does not care that she was tired, he does not care about her feelings. These two couples are diametrically opposed.I don’t think that the hero Arthur is weak. This couple reminded me of the notion of mind and heart. Pamela easily takes crazy decisions, pushes them to her husband, and he thinks for a long time, trying to argue, but at the time of surrender takes a new game. This feature of craving for something forbidden is in both, but manifests itself in different ways. The story shows two types of relationships in the family. When someone controls and suppresses, and when people find common ground and go through life, sharing not only common interests but also feelings and respect for each other.

The Role of the Project Manager Literature review

The Role of the Project Manager - Literature review Example Most often, the project manager is responsible for fulfilling these tasks, but sometimes higher level management or purchasing departments play significant roles in the process. (Mindtools, 2008, pg. 1). According to EPIQ (2008), the process of procurement management provides some very valuable benefits to organizations. One of the most prominent benefits is reduced costs on the part of the company. Another highly praised benefit is time savings. Yet another is the ability of efficient procurement management to reduce redundancies in job tasks and positions. If an organization chooses to adopt a procurement management system, certain job tasks become automated, producing quicker and smoother results. Centralization is also an important feature of procurement management, so this helps to eliminate redundancies throughout the organization as well. Eliminating redundant jobs often opens up equipment and space for the organization, thereby allowing it to be used for better and more efficient purposes or be disposed of for extra income. Â  Projects are infiltrated with multiple relationships occurring amongst the different parties involved in the scenario, and the project manager must continuously monitor those relationships. These relationships involve parties such as clients, employees, top management officials, or organization partners. Essentially, the project manager is at the very center of the project. (2007, pg. 1) The scenario states that I have performed various procurement tasks in the past, hence me being chosen as the project manager. First of all, I have a great deal of experience with the system that is being upgraded. Secondly, I have managed previous upgrade projects for the company. For this particular package, I have also performed roles as a business analyst, developer, and tester for individual and related projects in the past. If the PM has not completed those activities, who in the organization hasThis particular project is expected to affect the billing and customer service departments the most. The idea is to reduce the time it takes to collect accounts receivable, reduce costs, and improve overall customer satisfaction. The billing staff has no proficiency with web applications as they will be seeing with the upgrade, but the customer service staff does.

Evaluating Fashion and its Impact on Individuals Essay

Evaluating Fashion and its Impact on Individuals - Essay Example The essay "Evaluating Fashion and its Impact on Individuals" analyzes the influence of Evaluating Fashion on Individuals. Fashion has been used as the resource by individual for the purpose of construction of their identity and positioning themselves at a higher place in comparison to other. Fashion has an important role to play in articulation of ethnic identity in relation to the contemporary setting in routine life ethnic identity just like other types of social identity. It is not considered to be real and essential, but actually it is a multi faced phenomenon, which is different at varied places and time. An imperative factor, which is helpful in construction and articulation of ethic identities with the help of fashion, is cultural displacement. In relation to force, which is exerted for the purpose of relocation to different parts of world because of slavery, poverty, religious and political persecution, etc. have been very helpful in marking out a new space for cultural prefe rence in terms of fashion. Along with this, the advent of globalisation has also been a key factor, which has influenced the lives of young people. There has been a debate over the change in fashion patterns because of globalisation. Late modernity, which is a period representing the disjunction between the communities and securities of modernity and the realities of post-second world war has been highly influence by the trends of fashion industry. At the time of 1970s, the research undertaken by Dick Hebdige.

Why did the U.S. Supreme Court once rule that the federal income tax Essay

Why did the U.S. Supreme Court once rule that the federal income tax was unconstitutional How did Congress react Include proper in-text citations in APA format to support your answer - Essay Example This culminated in the annulment of the federal Income Tax Act of 1894, by the United States Supreme Court, on constitutional grounds. The Court held the levy imposed by the law on the returns from real estate was not sufficiently different from the taxes remitted by the property owners on the same assets. The court, therefore, categorized the duty as a direct tax, which should be apportioned among the different States. This ruling set a remarkable precedent, that, although, not all income taxes amounted to direct taxes; however, it was still unclear whether the income tax fell in either category of taxes. Regardless, the income tax was believed to be illegal because Congress had not yet streamlined the Sixteenth Amendment to be in tandem with the taxation laws. Federal authorities in charge on income tax based their arguments on the fact that the passage of the Sixteenth Amendment permitted the government to implement the income taxes. Additionally, the court concluded that the enactment of such a law would be a recipe for chaos between different social classes. Nonetheless, the ruling prompted Congress to correct the ambiguous issue by ratifying a Constitutional amendment. Shortly after the passing of the Amendment, the legislature enacted another legislation governing income tax; a legal structure, which was largely drawn from the 1894 law. It was, however, clearer on both

Project management Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Project management - Case Study Example Utilisation Utilization = Actual output/ Design capacity In this case the actual output is 12,000kg and designed capacity of 20,000kg. Utilization will be; 12,000/20,000*100%= 60%. 60% utilization determine the effective capacity since if the plant is not turned on, then the effective capacity is zero. Ultimately, the dry cleaner designs will have some redundancies which lead to simple de-bottlenecking "adding" to capacity.   v. Efficiency Efficiency is the actual output as determined through a percent of effective capacity. Hence, it is given as; actual output / effective capacity. In this case study, efficiency will be; (12,000/16,000) * 100% = 75%. (b) Managing Actual Output, Utilisation and Efficiency of the resources available The concern in the dry cleaning business is more on productivity that relates to competitiveness. The business will not be able to earn greater profit or charge a lower price. There is need for the business to increase its efficiency from 75% to over 80% to boost operational efficiency whenever probable. Utilization as well is at 60% which is low. The solutions to increasing utilization is through keeping the dry cleaning equipment in proper operational conditions, correcting quality problems, reducing bottlenecks and training of employees (Krajewski & Ritzman 2005). In order to increase the actual output, the company must use a benchmarking method which measures capacity from choice of one not requiring adjustment or constant updates. The dry cleaning company can benchmark the existing operational efficiency against other efficient dry cleaners in the locality whether in emerging or mature markets. The next step is to evaluate the efficiency of work process to point out areas requiring improvement. Finally, the company can develop solutions meant to increase performance in these areas. This can include checking the speed of receipt of garments, sorting, cleaning, drying and packaging of cleaned clothes. Increasing the hours worked for each employee is one input which should be increased to over 70% but by not increasing the number of employees to run the dry cleaning business (Krajewski & Ritzman 2005). The gains or losses must be tracked and performance standards established. The company should also create worksheets capturing weekly, monthly and yearly data. Question 2 Devise and implement a brief project management plan to include; a) Scope Management Scope management ensures clarity of project guidelines drawn from the triple constraints such as cost, quality and time or schedule. For instance, a construction project synchronises the triple constraints to drive stakeholders’ perceptions of the success of the project. The scope of the project plan is monitored for probable changes if the scope of the project changes (Carly 2004). Agreeing on the scope ensures minimal rework which commits extra resources, time and cost overruns. In the case of the construction project, the prefabs will take 45 days to complete 4 houses. The expected project cost will be $4500. This project is anticipated to be made of cedar, cemented floor and Gall sheet roofing. The project will involve a sufficient amount of work, only necessary work is carried out and work completed contributes to success of the construction project. The project will use existing technology since it is conventional (Thieraus et al 2009). The scope is clearly defined and the design

Discussion board homework Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Discussion board homework - Coursework Example The outdoor, fitness and aviation segments contributed to 63% of the revenue. A loss in foreign currency has been realized of $ 44 million compared to a gain of $ 12 million last year, and the company is projecting earnings of about $ 2.88 billion in terms of revenue. The outdoor segment and auto segment have a decline in revenue of 10% and 11% respectively. For the auto sector, it has been because of a fall in the Personal Navigation Device (PND) industry, as a result of competition from the mobile industry and other competitors. The article remains significant in the essay as it not only provided crucial financial information but indicates the diverse segments where the company excels. With the above research, comprehensive business analysis can be put in place for Garmin, and this can aid in outlining the areas of strength and weaknesses. It is because the figures clearly depict the revenue generated from each segment. The data above can thus be used to come up with a strategy primarily to strengthen the areas where the company is likely to maximize its net income. For instance, it can concentrate in the fitness segment that has gained popularity, and that is likely to generate supernatural

As part of the Strategic Planning module, students are required to Essay

As part of the Strategic Planning module, students are required to analyze a case study and write a report to the CEO to help hi - Essay Example Table of Contents Introduction – Company background 3 Analysis of IKEA’s Business Model and its Strategic Positioning (Question 1) 3 IKEA’s Internationalisation Strategy 4 The internationalisation in the USA (question 2) 5 Current Asian markets (China and Japan)(question 3) 6 Further Asian Expansion (question 4) 8 Current Business Environment (question 5) 9 PESTEL 9 Industry analysis 10 SWOT 11 TOWS 13 References 14 Appendix 1 – The IKEA Concept 16 APPENDIX 2 Ikea’s International presence 19 Introduction – Company background Founded in 1943 by 17-year-old  Ã‚  in Sweden, IKEA is named as an acronym comprising the initials of the founder's name (Ingvar  Kamprad), the farm where he grew up (Elmtaryd), and his home parish (Agunnaryd, in  Smaland, South Sweden). Today, IKEA is the world’s largest furniture retailer, having pioneered the concept of selling furniture in kits that are later assembled by customers in their own home (IKEA 2011). With its base in Sweden, the company retails affordable flat-pack furniture, accessories, and bathroom and kitchen items in its 253 stores spread over 24 countries at the end of the 2008 financial year. According to IKEA’s data, the company had worldwide sales of about â‚ ¬23.1 billion in the 2008/09 fiscal year – Figure 1 (IKEA 2011). ... IKEA sells a lifestyle that signifies hip design, thrift, and simplicity and targets customers that are seeking value and are therefore willing to participate in the production process by serving themselves, taking the goods, and then assembling them if necessary. It therefore seems as it targets a market niche. The fact that IKEA does not hold a large market share in the geographic markets, except Sweden (Thompson and Martin 2005) may be taken by some as indication that a differentiation strategy is incompatible with high market share as argued by Porter (1980). However, IKEA’s 25% market share in Sweden and its growing market share in other countries (Caplan 2007, Datamonitor 2010a, 2010b) may be taken as an evidence of the opposite. Furthermore, one may argue that the company follows a cost leadership strategy, as it tries to position at the market based on price as its positioning of being ‘different.’ Porter (1985) identified several aspects of establishing c ost leadership, including creating a good product, drawing advantage from many sources, and making cost of part of the organisation’s culture. All these aspects have been integrated into IKEA’s strategy and allow the company to engage in innovative cost management. IKEA’s CEO announced in 2007 that the company has succeeded in reducing prices by approximately about 17% over the last five years (Caplan 2007). Indeed, the company is able to integrate both a differentiation and low cost strategy in such a way that it can pursue both an operational excellence strategy and a product leadership strategy, something that few companies have been able to achieve (Kaplan and Norton 2000). In terms of operational excellence, IKEA’s success is based on the

Multiple choices questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Multiple choices questions - Assignment Example inners of World War II, in which the United States therefore bore the burden of leadership in the free world and was obligated to defend both democracy and freedom. It was a reality in which the US was threatened -- psychologically, politically and militarily -- by the expansion of and aggression from, among others, a totalitarian Soviet Union and the international Communist movement it sponsored (Weldes 1996: 283). 4. Crucial to the following analysis is that the institutional feature which distinguishes democracies from autocracies is the existence of a popularly elected legislature with the capacity to constrain a countrys chief executive. We assume that legislatures are more protectionist than executives in democracies and show that, even so, pairs of democracies are more likely than mixed pairs to liberalize commerce. We claim that this institutional difference contributes to a greater tendency for pairs of democratic countries to agree upon lower trade barriers than pairs comprised of a democracy and an autocracy (i.e., mixed pairs) (Mansfield, et al. 2000: 304-305). 5. ... Economic polarization is related to the alientation that groups of people feel against each other, and this alienation is enforced by notion of within-group cohesion and identity. ... What matters for conflict ... is rather economic polarization. ... [A] society that is split into two well-defined groups with [differences] in incomes is particularly likely to experience social unrest (Ostby 2008: 146). 6. A fundamental assertion of balance-of-power thought is that large-scale conflict between nations will be avoided when their power is approximately equal, and, conversely, will be more likely between nations that diverge in their power. This assertion is based on the assumption, frequently hidden, that in a conflict between any two nations there is a direct relationship between power and victory, and, other considerations aside, the more powerful nation will prevail (Siverson and

Famine in Third World States Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Famine in Third World States - Essay Example But the countries of Africa are still dying of hunger. Why is that The main myth is that there is insufficient amount of foodstuffs produced in the country. But the fact is that the planet produces enough food to provide every individual with 3,500 calories every day. The problem is that many people are too poor to buy food, though even the poorest countries possess sufficient agricultural lands, and even export their products. In 1974 an outstanding philosopher Robert Nozick has created his theory of 'entitlement', which was outlined in his work 'Anarchy, state, utopia'. The main point of the theory is that the rights of an individual are sacred, and alienation of the property must be voluntary. He has acknowledged the necessity of the 'minimal state' which would deprive individuals the right of violence, but at the same time it would protect them from tyranny. Nozick was sure that any attempt to regulate the process of the property transfers is doomed to fail. The state must not dictate any redistribution of wealth, which can be presented in tax system. Nozick has absolutely rejected any idea of a 'social state'. It has always been easy to make nature guilty in people suffering from famine. But it should be remembered that only the poorest layers of the society suffer from hunger, though the nature is the same for everyone. The roots of the problem lie in politics, which makes effectiveness the corner-stone, and not sympathy. People are deprived of the right to earn enough money, they are made starve, thus becoming ready to give away their labor force for the minimal payment. The growth of population is also considered a problem. But it is interesting that active growth of population has never been a problem to developing countries. Such problem appears only in those countries where ineffective political system deprives people equal access to education, medicine, workplaces and social guarantees. According to Nozick, all actions of individuals must be voluntary, and here we see an absolutely different situation: the politics of the starving countries is consciously directed at depriving people of all possible rights. In the countries of the third world land belongs to large owners, who often appear to be ineffective in terms of business. The world experience shows, that small farmers receive 4-5 times larger crops than big farmers do. But in poor countries the inner policy is directed at concentrating all the land in the hand of few owners, thus giving people no right for equal access to land and its products. Nozick was the supporter of the idea that all individuals must have free access to all resources and he also bore an idea of the free market with minimal limitations. But I should say, that to my mind, the idea of free market have never solved the problem of famine. The formula 'free market is good, government is bad' has never helped with eliminating famine in third world states. In every state government is occupied with the redistribution of resources. In this problem authorities must help consumers, especially the poorest ones, with the help of tax preferences, grants, and credits. In such situation the state and the population supplement each other thus creating an

Higher education Essay Example for Free

Higher education Essay As I see you beaming with pride and eagerly waiting to enter a higher education, I am reminded of the words of the German Philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche who says, â€Å"On the mountains of truth you can never climb in vain: either you will reach a point higher up today, or you will be training your powers so that you will be able to climb higher tomorrow. Just like the mountains of truth, you have made a tremendous effort to climb the ladder that will take you to a greater height of success. You all deserve to be here today. Some may be clouded with sadness as you leave your alma mater while reminiscing the unforgettable days with your batchmates and teachers. This is the day that you will always cherish and the time has come for you to assert your inner glow, shine and be the light of our school. In the number of years of being with us, we have journeyed together, earned success and have learned from our mistakes. Each tiny steps that we have taken, made us better, stronger and wiser. Each of you has contributed to our success and we are so proud of you. When you participated in the Rizal competition, a competition that has showcased your creative writing, chess, art and other talents, you have earned honors for your alma mater. This may be a game of fun for many competitors like you because of the talent, interest and enthusiasm that you take with you in every competition that you have participated in. Our academic and non-academic activities and competitions have honed your skills and made you discover the innate talents that you have. This school serves as the avenue that has paved the way in enriching your minds, polishing your skills, and making you understand the importance of discipline and education. How could we forget the fire drills that we had that would prepare you to any similar disaster that may or may not happen in your life? This is an important preparation in light of some unavoidable or unexpected disasters that are happening in many parts of our country. In this drill, you have also shown others the value of being of help to your fellowmen regardless of who they are. This is a giant step in understanding the value of saving lives and in being big brothers and big sisters to one another. You have also made a great effort in our water conservation campaign. We must be thankful for the abundance of water that we are enjoying in our community and in our country. However, being blessed with a life giving water resources must not come with its careless and abusive usage. Each of you has learned to become vigilant to dripping faucets and excessive use of water for our daily needs. It is now our task to continue this practice in our homes and in our communities. These are few of the many programs and activities that we have undertaken together and without your help and effort, we will never succeed in our undertakings. With that, allow me to personally say, â€Å"Thank You† to the graduating class and their parents. To all the teachers and staff, I salute you for the many hours that you have spent in helping your students learn and succeed. You have worked beyond school hours and have supported me in implementing our programs. Although there are talks about the possibility of closing this school amidst all our challenges, rest assured that we are working hard and doing everything we can to keep this school open and functioning well so new students can enroll, and old students can continue their studies and eventually graduate similar to the current batch who are right before me today. I would like to conclude my speech not with a farewell to the graduates and their parents but with a reminder that in being a light for your alma mater, you can serve someone other than yourself and serve something bigger than yourself. God bless you and your families.

The Classic Transportation Problem Computer Science Essay

The Classic Transportation Problem Computer Science Essay Classic Transportation Problem is a significant research issue in spatial data analysis and Network analysis in GIS; it helps to answer problems which relate in matching the supply and demand via set of objectives and constraints. The objective is to determine a set of origins and destinations for the supply so as to minimize the total cost. Geographic Information System (GIS) is an intelligent tool which combines characteristic data and spatial features and deal with the relationship connecting them. Although GIS application is extensively utilized in numerous activities, but in transportation its application is still rare. Basically, GIS is an information system which focusing on few factors which included the input, management, analysis and reporting of geographic (spatially related) information. Between all the prospective applications that GIS can be use for, issues on transportation have gained a lot of interest. An exact division of GIS related to issues on transportation has surfaced, which labelled as GIS-T. The Hitchcock transportation dilemma is conceivably one of the most solved linear programming problems in existence (Saul I. Gass, 1990). The addition of GIS into transportation (GIS-T) suggests that it is possible to integrate transportation data into GIS. Many research scholars have discussed computational considerations for solving the Classic Transportation problem (CTP): Shafaat and Goyal developed a procedure for ensuring an improved solution for a problem with a single degenerate basic feasible solution; Ramakrishnan described a variation of Vogels approximation method (VAM) for finding a first feasible solution to the CTP; and Arsham and Kahn described a new algorithm for solving the CTP. According to Brandley, Brown and Craves, 2004, practically the CTP is integrated in all texts on management science or operations management. In classic problem relating to transportation, particular objective for instance minimum cost or maximum profit will be the focus to integrate the GIS and the transportation data available. For example, (Jaryaraman and Prikul, 2001), (Jaryaraman and Ross, 2003), (Yan et al., 2003), (Syam, 2002), (Syarif et al., 2002), (Amiri, 2004), (Gen and Syarif, 2005), and (Trouong and Azadivar, 2005) had consider total cost of supply chain as an objective function in their studies. Nevertheless, there are no design tasks that are single objective problems. In this chapter, we present an in-depth computational comparison of the basic solution algorithms for solving the CTP. We will describe what we know with respect to solving CTPs in practice and offer comments on various aspects of CTP methodologies and on the reporting of computational results. In order to describe the core elements of the GIS transport model that is used to gain the solution to the CTP, it is essential to go over the different types of transportation models briefly, and elaborate on the application and issues of GIS in transportation. The chapter concludes with some final remarks. The Classic Transportation Problem (CTP) The Classic Transportation Problem (CTP) refers to a special class of linear programming. It has been recognized as a fundamental network problem. The Classic transportation problem of linear programming has an early history that can be traced to the work of Kantorovich, Hitchcock, Koopmans and Dantzig. By applying directly the simplex method to the standard linear-programming problem, it actually helps to solve it. Still, because of its very unique mathematical structure, it was acknowledged early that the simplex method applied to the CTP can be quite efficient on how to estimate the needed simplex-method information variable to enter the basis, variable to leave the basis and optimality conditions. Many practical transportation and distribution problems such as the fixed cost transportation, the minimum with fixed charge in logistics can be formulated as CTP. Mathematical formulation of the CTP There have been numerous studies conducted that focusing on new models or methods to verify the transportation or the logistics activities that can offer the least cost (Gen and Chen, 1997). Generally, logistics was defined as the quality of a flow of materials, such as the frequency of departure (number per unit time, adherence to the transportation time schedule and so on (Tilaus et al, 1997). Products can be assemble and sent to the allocation centres, vendors or plants. Hitchcock, 1941 has initiated the earliest formulation of a planar transportation model, which used to find an approach to transport homogeneous products from several resources to several locations so that the total cost can be minimized. According to Jung-Bok Jo, Byung -Ki Kim and Ryul Kim, 2008, the development of a variety of deterministic and / or stochastic models have been increased throughout the past several decades. The basic problem sometimes called the general or Hitchcock transportation problem can be known in a mathematic way as follows: Where m is the number of supply centres and n is the number of demand points. This is subjected to: Without loss of generality, it is assumed that, the problem is balanced, i.e. Total Demand = Total Supply Where; ai, bj, cij, xij à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥ 0 (non negativity constants) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦2.4 All the parameters are free to take non negative real values. The ais are called supplies and the bis are called demands. For our discussion here, we also assume that the costs cij à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥ 0. A number of heuristic methods to solve the classic transportation problem have been proposed. (Gottieb et el., 1998; Sun et al., 1998; Adlakha and Kowalski, 2003; Ida et al., 2004). According to Chan and Chung, 2004, in order to distribute problem in a demand driven SCN, they have suggested a multi- objective genetic optimization. They also measured minimization of total cost of the system, total delivery days and the equity of the capacity utilization ratio for manufacturers as objectives. Meanwhile, Erol and Ferrel, 2004, have recommended a model that assigned suppliers to warehouses and warehouses to customers. In addition, the SCN design problem was formulated as a multi- objective stochastic mixed inter linear programming model, which then was resolved by a control method, and branch and bound techniques (Guillen et al., 2005). Chan et al., 2004, stated that objectives were SC profit over the time horizon and customer satisfaction level and they also developed a hybrid approach regarding to genetic algorithm and Analytical Hierarch Process (AHP) for production and distribution problems in multi-factory supply chain models. Jung-Bok Jo, Byung -Ki Kim and Ryul Kim, 2008, has measured few objectives in their research namely; operation cost, service level, and resources utilization. In this project, it has been considered about the integration of the CTP into the GIS environment, which little or no research has been done into this line of study. Our formulation will be particularly concentrated on the use of several GIS software and procedures to see how the CTP problem can be solved in the GIS environment. In that note and as already stated in chapter one, in trying to integrate CTP into the GIS environment, two of the algorithm explained in this literature review will be used to solved the CTP problem to get the initial basic feasible solutions and one optimal solution method will be used to get the optimal solution that will be integrated into the GIS software environment to solve the CTP problem. 2.4 Methods of solving Transportation problems The practical importance of determining the efficiency of alternative ways for solving transportation problems is affirmed not only because of the sizeable fraction of the linear programming literature has been dedicated to these problems, but also by the fact that an even larger allocation of the concrete industrial and military appliances of linear programming deal with transportation problem. Transportation problems often occur as sub-problems in a bigger problem. Moreover, industrial applications of transportation problems often contain thousands of variables, and hence a streamlined algorithm is not computationally worthwhile but a practical necessity. In addition, many of linear programs that occurred can nevertheless be given a transportation problem formulation and it is also possible to approximate certain additional linear programming problems by such a formulation. Efficient algorithms existed for the solution of transportation. A computational study done by Glover et al. suggested that the fastest method for solving Classic transportation problems is a specialization of the primal simplex method due to Glover et al. Using data structured due to M.A. Forbes, J.N. Holt, A.M Watts, 1994. An implementation of this approached, is capable of handling the general transshipment problem. The method is particularly suitable for large, spares problems where the number of arcs is a small multiple of the number of nodes. Even for dense problems the method is considered to be competitive with other algorithms (M.A. Forbes, J.N. Holt, A.M Watts, 1994). Another consideration of the CTP model is the formulation made by Dantzigs, which is adaptation of the simplex method to the CTP as the primal simplex transportation method (PSTM). This method is known as the method-modified distribution method (MODI); it has also been acknowledged as the row-column sum method (A.Charnes and W. W. Cooper, 1954). Subsequently, another method calledthe stepping-stone method (SSM) has been developed by Charnes and Cooper which gives an option of determining the simplex-method information. According to the paper written by Charnes and Cooper which is entitled The stepping stone method of explaining linear programming calculations in transportation problems. The SSM is a very nice way of demonstrating why the simplex method works without remedy to its terminology or methods although Charnes and Cooper describe how the SSM and PSTM are related. Charnes and Cooper note that the SSM is relatively easy to explain, but Dantzigs PSTM has certain advantages for large-scale hand calculations (Saul I. Gass, 1990) However, the SSM, contrary to the impression one gets from some texts and from the paper by Arsham and Kahn, is not the method of choice for those who are serious about solving the CTP-such as an analyst who is concerned with solving quite large problems and may have to solve such problems repetitively, e.g. where m = 100 origins and n = 200 destinations, leading to a mathematical problem of 299 independent constraints and 20,000 variables (Saul I. Gass, 1990). In addition to the PSTM and the SSM, a number of methods have been proposed to solve the CTP. They include (amongst others) the following: the dual method of Ford and Fulkerson, the primal partitioning method of Grigoriadis and Walker, the dualplex partitioning method of Gass, the Hungarian method adaptation by Munkres, the shortest path approach of Hoffman and Markowitz and its extension by Lageman, the decomposition approach of Williams, the primal Hungarian method of Balinski and Gomory, and, more recently, the tableau-dual method proposed by Arsham and Kahn. (The early solution attempts of Kantorovich, Hitchcock and Koopmans are excluded as they did not lead to general computational methods.) (Saul I. Gass, 1990). The first papers that dealt with machine-based computational issues for solving the TP are Suzuki, Dennis and Ford and Fulkerson. Implementations of CTP algorithms were quite common on the wide range of 1950s and 1960s computers-a listing is given in Gass. CTP computer-based procedures at that time included Charnes and Coopers SSM, the flow (Hungarian) method of Ford and Fulkerson, Munkres Hungarian method, the modified simplex method of Suzuki, Dantzigs PSTM and Dennis implementation of the PSTM. The developers of these early computer codes investigated procedures for finding first feasible solutions such as VAM, the north-west corner method (NWCM), and variations of minimum-cost allocation procedures (Saul I. Gass, 1990). They also investigated various criteria for selecting a variable to enter the basis. Problems of realistic size could be solved, e.g. m + n The work of Glover et al. represents a landmark in the development of a TP computer-based algorithm and in computational testing. Their code is a PSTM that uses special list structures for maintaining and changing bases and updating prices. Glover et al. tested various first-basis finding procedures and selection rules for determining the variable to enter the new basis. They concluded that the best way to determine a first feasible solution is a modified row-minimum rule, in which the rows are cycled through in order, each time selecting a single cell with the minimum cost to enter the basis. The cycling continues until all row supplies are exhausted. This differs from the standard row-minimum rule, in which the minimum cost cells are selected in each row, starting with the first row, until the current row supply is exhausted. The modified row minimum rule was tested against the NWCM, the VAM, a row-minimum rule and a row-column minimum rule in which a row is scanned first for a min imum cell and then a column is scanned, depending on whether the supply or demand is exhausted (Saul I. Gass, 1990). Although VAM tended to decrease the number of basis changes to find the optimal solution, it takes an inordinate amount of time to find an initial solution, especially when compared to the time to perform a basis change (100 changes for 100 x 100 problem in 0.5 s on a CDC 6400 computer). We feel VAM should be relegated to hand computations, if that. Glover et al. tested a number of rules for determining the variable to enter the basis, including the standard most negative evaluator rule. Their computational results demonstrated that a modified row-first negative evaluator rule was computationally most efficient. This rule scans the rows of the transportation cost tableau until it encounters the first row containing a candidate cell, and then selects the cell in this row which violates dual feasibility by the largest amount. They also compared their method to the main competitive algorithms in vogue at that time, i.e. the minimum-cost network out-of-kilter method adapted to solve the TP, the standard simplex method for solving the general linear-programming problem and a dual simplex method for solving a CTP. The results of the comparison showed that the Glover et al. method was six times faster than the best of the competitive methods (Saul I. Gass, 1990). . A summary of computational times for their method showed that the median solution time for solving 1000 x 1000 TPs on a CDC 6000 computer was 17 s, with a range of 14-22 s. As the TP is a special case of a minimum-cost network problem (transhipment problem), methods for solving the latter-type problem (such as the out-of-kilter method) are readily adaptable for solving CTPs. Bradley et al. developed a primal method for solving large-scale trans- shipment problems that utilizes special data structures for basis representation, basis manipulation and pricing. Their code, GNET, has also been specialized to a code (called TNET) for solving capacitated TPs. Various pricing rules for selecting the incoming variable were tested, and a representative 250 x 4750 problem was solved in 135 s on an IBM/360/67 using TNET, with the number of pivots and total time being a function of the pricing rule. The GNET procedure has also been embedded into the MPSIII computer-based system for solving linear-programming problems developed by Ketron Management Science Inc.24 It is called WHIZNET and is designed to solve capacitated trans-shipment problems, of which the TP is a special case. A typical trans-shipment problem with 5000 nodes and 23,000 arcs was solved in 37.5 s on an IBM 3033/N computer (L. Collatz and W. Wetterling, 1975). Another general network problem-solver, called PNET, is a primal simplex method for solving capacitated and uncapacitated transhipment and TPs. It solved a TP with 2500 origins and 2500 destinations in under 4 min of CPU time on a UNIVAC 1108. It uses augmented thread index lists for the bases and dual variables. (Saul I. G ass, 1990). From the above, we see that the present day state-of-the-art for solving TPs on mainframe computers is quite advanced. With the advent of PCs, we find that a number of researchers and software houses have developed PC-based codes for solving TPs. Many of the codes were developed for the classroom and are capable of solving only small, textbook-size problems. For example, the TP procedure in Erikson and Hall (Saul I. Gass, 1990) is able to solve problems of the order of 20 x 20. A typical commercial TP program is that of Eastern Softwares TSP88 which can solve TPs with up to 510 origins and/or destinations. It is unclear as to what algorithms are used in the PC TP codes, but we hazard a guess that they are a version of either PSTM or SSM (Saul I. Gass, 1990). 2.5 Degeneracy in the Classic transportation problem Degeneracy can occur when the initial feasible solution has a cell with zero allocation or when, as a result of real reallocation, more than one previously allocated cell has a new zero allocation. Whenever we are solving a CTP by the PSTM or the SSM, we must determine a set of non-negative values of the variables that not only satisfies the origin and destination constraints, but also corresponds to a basic feasible solution with m + n -1 variables (Saul I. Gass, 1990). . For computational efficiency, all basic cells are kept in a list, with those cells forming the loop being ordered at the top of the list and with the entering cell being first in the list. The remaining cells in the loop are sequenced such that proceeding through them follows the loop. The use of the allocated cells easily handles degeneracy. The PSTM and the SSM do not use a representation of the basis inverse, as does the general simplex method. Instead, these methods take advantage of the fact that any basis to the TP corresponds to a spanning tree of the bipartite network that describes the flows from the origin nodes to the destination nodes (G.B. Dantzig, 1963). Thus, if one is given a basic feasible solution to a CTP which can be readily generated by, say, the NWCM and that solution is degenerate, then one must determine which of the arcs with zero flow should be selected to complete the tree. Having the tree that corresponds to the current basic feasible solution enables us t o determine if the current solution is optimal and, if it is not, to determine the entering and leaving variables and the values of the variables in the new solution (Saul I. Gass, 1990). The problem of selecting a tree for a degenerate basic feasible solution to a CTP was recognized early by Dantzig (G.B. Dantzig, 1963) who described a simple perturbation procedure that caused all basic feasible solutions to be non-degenerate. From our literature gathered from above, the computer-based CTP solution methods described above, degeneracy does not appear to be of concern. We gather that most computer- based methods for solving CTPs invoke some type of perturbation procedure to complete the tree. We note that the problem of selecting a tree for a degenerate basic feasible solution is really only a minor problem if the first basic feasible solution is degenerate. For this case, a perturbation scheme or a simple selection rule that selects a variable or variables with zero value to complete the tree can be applied. (L. Collatz and W. Wetterling, 1975) and (G. Hadley, 1962). As the selection of appropriate zero-valued variables is usually not unique, a simple decision rule is used to make a choice, e.g. to select those variables that have the smallest costs. Once a tree has been established for the first basic feasible solution, the SSM and PSTM prescriptions for changing bases will always yield a new basic feasible solution and corresponding tree, no matter how many degenerate basic feasible variables there are. Subsequent degenerate basic feasible solutions can be generated if there are ties in the selection of a variable to leave the basis. Dropping one and keeping those that were tied at zero level will always yield a tree. Again, a simple decision rule is used to determine which one is dropped from the basis (Saul I. Gass, 1990). Degeneracy can be of concern in that it could cause a series of new bases to be generated without decreasing the value of the objective function-a phenomenon termed stalling. In their paper, Gavish et al. (B. Gavish, P. Schweitzer and E. Shlifer, 1977) study the zero pivot phenomenon in the CTP and assignment problem (AP) and develop rules for reducing stalling, i.e. reducing the number of zero pivots (Saul I. Gass, 1990). For various size (randomly generated) problems, they show that for the CTP the average percentage of zero pivots to total pivots can be quite high, ranging from 8% for 5 x 5 problems to 89% for 250 x 250 problems which are started with the modified row-minimum rule for selecting the first basic feasible solution. They also show that the percentage of zero pivots is not sensitive to the range of values of the cost coefficients, but is sensitive to the range of values of the ais and bjs, with a higher percentage of zero pivots occurring when the latter range is tight. For the m x m AP, which will always have (m 1) basic variables that are zero, the average percentage of zero pivots ranged from 66% for 5 x 5 problems to 95% for 250 x 250 problems. Their rules for selecting a first basic feasible solution, the variable to enter the basis and the variable to leave the basis cause a significant reduction in total computational time (Saul I. Gass, 1990). In their paper, Shafaat and Goyal (A. Shafatt and A.B. Goyal, 1988) develop a procedure for selecting a basic feasible solution with a single degeneracy such that the next solution will improve the objective function value. There procedure forces the entering variable to have an exchange loop that does not involve the degenerate position with a negative increment (Saul I. Gass, 1990). The efficiency of their procedure in terms of computer time versus the small amount of computer time required to perform a number of basis changes (as noted above) is unclear. For large-scale CTPs, we conjecture that a single degenerate basic feasible solution will not cause much stalling, as the chances are that the entering variable will not be on an exchange loop that contains the degenerate variable. We note that a CTP or a linear-programming problem in general, with single degenerate basic feasible solutions will not cycle (Saul I. Gass, 1990). 2.6 Method of finding Initial Basic Feasible Solutions A basic solution is any collection of (n + m 1) cells that does not include a dependent subset. The basic solution is the assignment of flows to the basic cells that satisfies the supply and demand constraints. The solution is feasible if all the flows are non negative. From the theory of linear programming we know that there is an optimal solution that is a feasible solution. The CTP has n+ m constraints with one redundant constraint. A basic solution for this problem is determined by selection (n + m 1) independent variables. The basic variable assumes values to satisfy the supplies and demands, while the non basic values are zero. Thus the m + n equations are linearly dependent. As we will see, the CTP algorithm exploits this redundancy. There are five methods used to determine the initial basic feasible solutions of the classic transportation problem (CTP): these are listed below. The least cost method The northwest corner method The Vogels approximation method Row minimum method Column minimum method The five methods normally differ in the quality of the starting basic solution they produce and better starting solutions yields a smaller objective value. Some heuristics give better performance than the given common methods. The NWCM gives a solution very far from optimal solution. The least cost method finds a better starting solution by concentrating on the cheapest route. The Vogels Approximation method (VAM) is an improved version of the least cost method that generally produces better starting solutions. The row minimum method starts with first row and chooses the lowest cost cell of first row so that either the capacity of the first supply is exhausted or the demand at jth distribution centre is satisfied or both. The column minimum method starts with first column and chooses the lowest cost cell of first column so that either the demand of the first distribution centre is satisfied or the capacity of the ith supply is exhausted or both. However, among the five methods listed above, the North West Corner Method (NWCM), the Lowest Cost Method (LCM), and the Vogels Approximation method are the most commonly used methods used in finding the initial basic feasible solutions of the CTP. The NWCM gives a solution very far from optimal solution and Vogels Approximation method and LCM tries to give result that are often optimal or near to optimal solution. In a real-time application, Vogels Approximation Method (VAM) will yield a considerable savings over a period of time. On the other hand, if ease of programming and memory space are major considerations, the NWCM is still acceptable for reasonable matrix sizes (up to 50 X 50). However, the difference in times between the two loading techniques increases exponentially. (Totschek and Wood,2004). Another work presents an alternative of Vogels Approximation Method for TP and this method is more efficient than traditional Vogels Approximation Method (Mathirajan, Meenakshi, 2004). In this project however, we are making use of the Northwest Corner method (NWCM) and the Least Cost Method (LCM) to find the initial basic feasible solutions to the CTP. These solutions will then be used further to get optimal solutions to the CTP by using the Stepping Stone Method (SSM). The final answers will then be compared with the solutions procedures obtained from the GIS software environment to solve the CTP in a method other than the sophisticated mathematical solutions already explained in this literature. Methods of finding Optimal Solution of the CTP Basically two universal methods are used for finding optimal solutions. These are the Stepping Stone method and the Modified Distribution Method (MODI) method. Some heuristics are generated to getting better performance. Different methods are compared for speed factor. Transportation Simplex Method and Genetic Algorithms are compared in terms of accuracy and speed when a large-scale problem is being solved. Genetic Algorithms prove to be more efficient as the size of the problem becomes greater (Kumar and Schilling, 2004). Proposed digital computer technique for solving the CTP is by the stepping stone method. The average time required to perform an iteration using the method described here depends linearly on the size of the problem, m + n. (Dennis). The solution of a real world problem to efficiently transport multiple commodities from multiple sources to multiple different destinations using a finite fleet of heterogeneous vehicles in the smallest number of discrete time periods g ives improvement by backward decomposition (Poh, Choo and Wong, 2005).The most efficient method for solving CTP arises by coupling a primal transportation algorithm with a modified row minimum start rule and a modified row first negative evaluator rule. (Glover, Karney, Kligman, Napier, 1974) this has already been explained above. Application Software Geographic Information Systems (GIS) is a field of with an exponential growth that has a pervasive reach into everyday life. Basically, GIS provides a mean to convert data from tables with topological information into maps. Subsequently GIS tools are capable of not only solving a wide range of spatially related problems, but also performing simulations to help expert users organized their work in many areas, including public administration, transportation networks, transportation networks and environmental applications. Below gives some of the software that has been used by many researchers in transportation modeling. Much software have been used to solve the CTP problem for example, the MODI Algorithm was coded in FORTRAN V, and further substantial time reductions may result by a professional coding of the algorithm in Assembler language. Zimmer reported that a 20-to-1 time reduction was possible by using Assembler rather than FORTRAN in coding minimum path algorithms. (Srinivasan and Thompson, 1973).One work investigated generalized network problems in which flow conservation is not maintained because of cash management, fuel management, capacity expansion etc (Gottlieb,2002). Optimal solution to the pure problem could be used to solve the generalized network problem. One work introduces a generalized formulation that addresses the divide between spatially aggregate and disaggregate location modelling (Horner and OKelly, 2005). In this research we are making use of ArcGIS Network analyst, together with ArcMap, ArcCatalog, VBA, Python, PuLP, GLPK (GNU Linear Programming Kit) and ArcObject software to design our model to solve the CTP problem. A detail solution algorithm is explained in chapter 4. The GLPK (GNU Linear Programming Kit) is an open source software package intended for solving large scale linear programming (LP), mixed integer programming (MIP), and other related problems. It is a set of routine written in ANSI C and organized in the form a callable library. The GLPK package includes the following main components: Primal and dal simplex methods Primal-dual interior- point method Branch and- cut method Application program interface (API) Translator for GNU Math Program Stand-alone LP/MIP solver PuLP is a LP modeller written in Python. PuLP can generate LP and MPS files and call GLPK, to solve linear problems. PuLP provides a nice syntax for creation of linear problems, and a simple way to call the solvers to perform the optimization. ArcGIS Network Analyst is still relatively new software, so there are not much published materials concerning its application on transportation problems. Only few researchers during the last years have reported the use of the ArcGIS Network Analyst extension in order to solve some transportation problems. ArcGIS Network Analyst (ArcGIS NA) is a powerful tool of ArcGIS desktop 9.3 that provides network- based spatial analysis including routing, travel directions, closest facility, and service area analysis. ArcGIS NA enables users to dynamically model realistic network con

A brief history of Ryanair

A brief history of Ryanair A brief history of Ryanair is set out to provide a background of submissions. Ryanair is Europes largest low-fare airline and based in Ireland.  This is a public listed company who are trade on Dublin, London and New York (NASDAQ) Stock Exchange stocks.  It is committed to low cost airfares and introducing competition to the European flag airlines and air transport market growing alliance.  It has the ability to provide passengers with the industrys lowest fare is dependent to a large extent, the low cost and high efficiency of the airport.(RYANAIR LIMITED 2007) Ryanair, started operations in 1985, launched 15 flights a day between turbine support and London Gatwick Airport Waterford.  The beginning of the companys commitment to providing low-fare air travel to the Irish public contrast, oligopoly pricing is provided in time for Aer Lingus and British Airways.  Ryanair was the first European airline set up a special low fares and competition within the European short-haul routes.  In the companies of first year, its 57 employees carried just over 5,000 passengers in this original route. In 1986, Ryanair routes into Dublin-London, which was jointly owned by the two countries, the airlines, which Aer Lingus and British Airways. In Dublin, London route has been stalled about 1 million passengers each year from 1975 to 1985, when some of the features the highest air fare per kilometer in Europe. Before Ryanair to join this route, the normal flight between Dublin and London in 1985 was  £ 209 return. Ryanair began service on May 23, 1986, to introduce the launch of the fare  £ 94.99 return. In its second full year of operation, Ryanair has just 120 employees to carried more than 82,000 passengers on two routes. In the next three years (1987-1989), the rapid expansion of Ryanair routes opening up many new Irish and British, and to improve its fleet. However, while customers continue to flock to Ryanairs low fares, the cost does not control, and the companys accumulated losses. By 1990, the company employs 350 people, operating 14 aircraft (4 different types), was carrying 600 000 passengers, but had managed to loss of  £20 million in just 4 years. These losses are mainly due to over expansion and the inability to strictly control costs, the deregulation of the market, and these new cost control is essential to the ability to provide low-cost services of the profits. 1994 also saw the acquisition of Ryanairs first Boeing 737 aircraft used orders for six second-hand 737-200 series aircraft (130 seats) was purchased directly from Boeing. In the next three years to buy fifteen 737-200 aircraft were to make the fleet to twenty-one 737-200s. In line with the expansion of the fleet, more new routes form Ryanair is to open up the Irish by the British, increase frequencies, providing a total of all the routes, an the ticket prices were reduced even further. As a result in 1995, the airlines 10th anniversary, Ryanair has become the largest airline in Dublin-London routes, and they operate in each line on which it operated (in terms of traffic routes), total 2.25 million passengers per year and labor Now more than 600 people. After 1997, the EU air transport deregulation, the airlines was free for the first time open up new routes to continental Europe. Service was launched in Stockholm from London Stansted and Oslo efficient secondary airports, as well as in Paris and Brussels from Dublin and efficient secondary airports. Similarly, Ryanair to enter these markets fare over 80%, respectively, lower than the most expensive week, and then by the flag carrier airline fares. Positive response and a large number of passengers low fares in these arrived in the European market for the first time. Ryanair was the first low-fare airlines to provide scheduled flights from Britain to Continental Europe and vice versa. 1997 also saw the Ryanair Holdings plc float in Dublin and New York (NASDAQ) stock exchange. At that time, the airline is the capital of IR £300 million in the infrared market value and more than 3 million visitors each year to bring its network of 18 routes. Despite this success, Ryanair remains committed to lowering fares, increase service frequency, and to maximize the low-fare seats to the number of business and leisure travelers. Ryanair was a direct competition with a lot of Europes largest airlines, including British Airways, Scandinavian Airlines, Alitalia, Lufthansa, Sabena, Air France, Aer Lingus, but offer low fares unparalleled of The package, on-time flights, high frequency, and friendly in-flight service, Ryanair is continuing to be successful, winning increasing public and customer support. In 1999, Ryanair announced an up to 45 new Boeing 737-800 series aircraft for the two billion U.S. dollars next major investment plans. This is the latest and most modern Boeing aircraft. The first five aircraft to be delivered to Ryanair in 1999, and five more scheduled for delivery each year thereafter. Ryanair is the lowest in Europe and is to provide the latest and most modern air fares on Europe. Ryanair announced in 1999, another record performance, operating 35 routes to 11 countries, the carrying almost of the nearly 600 million passengers. Ryanairs customers to enjoy high-fare competition is the flag carrier airlines from Europe collected 300 million pounds worth of savings. At that time the company employs were more than 1,200 people. Ryanair launched in early 2000, Europes biggest travel website at www.ryanair.com, which launched within 3 months has taken over 50,000 bookings per week, by offering low airfares which start from as little as  £ 1 return taxes on Glasgow London plus tax and  £9 return plus taxes on Dublin-London route.In February 2000, Ryanair announced 10 new European routes for the summer of 2000, the service from London (Stansted) to Malmo in Sweden; Hamburg (Là ¼beck) in Germany; Verona (Brescia), Sardinia (Alghero), and Lamezia in Italy; Provence (Nimes), and Perpignan in France, and Shannon in Ireland. The airline has also introduced two new low fare services from Frankfurt (Hahn) Shannon in Ireland last summer, and to Glasgow (Prestwick) in Scotland. So far in 2001, Ryanair has launched seven new routes in the UK and to increase the capacity on number of existing lines. In February of this year, Ryanair announced that its first mainland Charleroi in Brussels, the European base would initially be open from its seven destinations in the provision of services. Ryanair will build the airport in Ireland, the base has been the basis of the cost of more competitive and cost-oriented regulation of airport / facility. This year, Ryanair will offer 36 Boeing 737 aircraft fleet and will be about 9 million passengers. Unfortunately, only about 18% will come from the traffic in Ireland as in the regulation of the airports competitive cost and inefficient infrastructure. It have be clear from the background that Ryanairs rapid growth of routes and traffic will continue to focus on low-cost, high efficiency of the airport, in order to minimize costs and ensure that the airports rapid turnaround time and maximum efficiency of the aircraft. This is a major factor in Ryanairs ability to guarantee the lowest fares in Europe.( RYANAIR LIMITED 2007) 2.Environmental and European airline industry analysis 2.1 External analysis   PESTLE PESTLE analysis is a short form for political, economic, social, technological, environmental and legal (Channon, 1997). PESTLE analysis has  provided a comprehensive detailed list, possibly affects successful or the defeat, especially strategy  (Johnson and Scholes, 2007). Political Some countries grant preferential treatment to companies from their own country. From the case study also pointed out that the French government attempted to protect Air France-KLM by forcing easyJet and Ryanair to move the staff they employ on French soil from British contracts to more expensive French ones Economic Fuel prices, because they increase the problems caused a major airline industry, if they do not hedge they had to cut corners to save costs in other areas. All the airlines are working to reduce costs and increase their profit margin, they reduce the cost of the effort will have a negative affect on the pilots and staff because as they may have low wages of lack benefits that would otherwise have been there. There are problems, the market increasingly competitive, as in emerging and developing countries have more people hope that have more airlines, so in order to adapt to this, by reducing industry profits. With the current economic crisis may be the demand for flights in the fall, because we are in recession, layoffs and people therefore have less disposable income means that they cannot leave. This may be a favorable low-cost aviation industry for people who can still afford the holiday will be looking for cheaper alternatives. Social-cultural Passengers are now not only need the cheapest fares, they also need a comfortable chair, safety and never lose their luggage, and the best facilities and etc. Technological Technology has improved, which means that the industry is changing, becoming more environmentally friendly and efficient. More effective infrastructure of airports are means that many airports of the airlines can charge more fall from the sky. Environmental There are new laws that say that the airline industry has to be more environmentally friendly therefore the manufacturers, designers and airline companies have to combat this together in order to decrease carbon emissions and make the industry less harmful to the environment in order to comply with EU regulations. Legal The whole industry is very strict control laws, but also because they have to constantly adapt to new changes in law, i.e. not allowing the liquid on board. These contracts to the industry has their pilots did not seem to benefit the workers as it contributes to the company soon which may change soon and the company will have to adapt to this. 2.2 Internal analysis five forces framework   Porters five forces is an important tool for analyzing the organizational structure of the process of strategic industries. It is used to understand the strategic business opportunities and threats should be consistent with the organization of the external environment (Dagmar Recklies, 2001). Threat of entry à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Some barriers to entry: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ High capital investment à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ limited availability of slots to make them more difficult to find the suitable airport. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ instant price wars if erode the existing LCC route. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Need low-cost basis à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Flight Authorizations In Europe, low-cost carriers were increase in 2006. Although expressed in the European airline industry is a large number of entrants and competitors, but as many as 50 have gone bankrupt, been taken over, missing or had never left the ground. Therefore, the threat of entry Ryanair face is media. Threat of substitutes à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Customer are No brand loyalty à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ No close customer relationships à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ No switching costs to customers à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Other modes of transport, such as Eurostar, high-speed trains, Eurolines, ships, cars, etc. Passengers will choose the train, because do not want to face the inconvenience and cost of checking baggage, spend more extra time in airport security line. The train is the only alternative of airline to the threat of an alternative airline of Ryanair is low. Bargaining Power of Customers à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Customers are Price-sensitive à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Switch to another airline is relatively simple and does not involve high costs (internet, all airlines are online) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Customer understand about the cost of providing services à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ No loyalty Although the customers complaints, they feel disturbed about Ryanair has been trying to sell them something of the aircraft. Although some passengers, they need comfortable seating, security will never lose their luggage, the best such facilities and Ryanair has been graded as the worlds most disliked airline in the survey of Ryanair, but they do not want to change and continue to focus on cutting costs, to provide low fares. Therefore, the buyer bargaining power is low. Power of supplier à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Boeing is a major supplier of RA à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Only two potential suppliers of aircraft Boeing and Airbus à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Switching costs from one supplier to another is high, because all the mechanics and pilots must be retrained. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Aviation fuel prices is directly related to the cost of oil (Ryanair control these through the hedge). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Regional airports have little bargaining power because they rely heavily on an airline à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ A larger airport, where Ryanairs competitors operate with greater bargaining power The actual purchases of aircraft, fuel supply, are the two major suppliers of the aviation industry. The supplier cannot control the fuel prices, although Ryanair is so sensitive and cannot affect the fuel suppler to Ryanair. On the actual purchase of the aircraft, Ryanair has a very healthy relationship with the main supplier of the aircraft, the Boeing Company (Brophy and ST. George, 2003). Suppliers cannot bring great results to Ryanair Competitive Rivalry à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Intense competition in the LCC market à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Most of the cost advantage can be copied immediately à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The current low level of competition as the two major low-cost airlines to avoid a direct face to face competition by choose different routes to service à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ However, if a company does decide to compete on the same basis, as Ryanair has a heavy pressure on prices, profit margins and thus profits à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ there is not much difference between the services. The main difference is the price factor In the highly competitive aviation industry competition is high. Although Ryanair is a pioneer who performed low-cost airlines, but competitors has also the implementation of low-fare. Beside, they also copied a number of Ryan strategic. For example, Aer Lingus and FlyBE airlines have also introduced charges for hold luggage after Ryanair perform it. 2.3 Scenario analysis Worst Case: Increase of Salaries If the employee be successful, unions can represent the experience of Ryan, to increase wages. No. Increase of other staff New employees need in marketing, European Union regulations (such as safety regulations require additional crew on each flight.) Accounting, information technology Increase of Airport Charges Airport charges could increase in many Government owned airports. It may be are 100% increase. Increase of Fuel Prices Fuel prices may rise by 1% per annum. There may be another war to increase the oil prices. The increase in average flight distance The new destination may result in the average flight distance increased by 10% for two years and 5% for three years, followed by 0% per annum Increase of Marketing Costs Such of the competition may increase in some routes may need to launch marketing campaign for Ryanair. Eastern Europe may not be a popular route is expected, and may require additional advertising. Low price does not mean low quality. This idea needs to communicate. Best Case: In this case, this situation will be re-considered the most optimistic assumption that all possible outcomes into account. Future energy prices will remain at todays prices, in the best situation. The euro is still better than the U.S. dollar against the U.S. dollar. Load factors will remain stable at a high level for many years benefited from the growing number of passengers to use the entire fleet. The marketing costs should support the continuous increase of passengers, and should cover the new routes. Revenue should be increased in the planes flight as a better offer / services to enable passengers to spend a few euro on average for each flight. 3.Ryanairs strengths and weaknesses.- SWOT analysis Strengths: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Brand Name: Ryanair, through its 14-year in LCC market has developed a very good recognized brand name. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Benefit from the low airport charges: These low-cost assistance benefits based on Ryanair. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The first advantage of the regional airports (such as Charleroi): As a market entry barriers à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Internet sites (94% reservation) : reducing distribution costs as through the phone booking is more expensive. Eliminates the need of travel agents. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ High-density seat à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ All of the Boeing aircraft: a unified fleet saving on maintenance and training cost. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Fast turn around à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ High service performance: Punctual, flight speed the completion of the high rate and low loss of luggage, these give a good image of the companys reliability. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Modern fleet which resulting in lower maintenance costs: will become more uniform, with only one model (737-800), also a relatively new aircraft will require less maintenance. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ High aircraft utilization: Ryanair Airlines planes to fly longer to generate more income from its assets. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Fuel and other risk hedging. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Small headquarters: Low on overheads à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Point to Point: No hub and spoke, lower cost because not passed the required services Weaknesses à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Easy to Bad News: Ryanair was considered arrogant and the slightest incidents have been a lot of news stories. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Niche market: the possibility of limited expansion à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Distance of some regional airports from the advertising objectives: After a period of customers may feel that this is a big inconvenience. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Poor quality of services: interpersonal skills. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Ryanair is extremely sensitive to changes in charges (increase in value of the fare) Opportunities à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ EU enlargement: will open many new destinations à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Significant potential to capture market share: In the LCC market share will more than double à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Benefit from less exposure to geopolitical risks: As the only real business in Europe à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Ryanair economic slowdown actually helps to change the corporate culture, stealing customers from traditional carriers as they seek lower fares. Threats à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Dependent on the oil market: fuel cost depends on the oil market. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Dependent on the economic cycle à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Increase of Low fares competition à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ European Court of Justice ruling: It may make more difficulties and costs of future expansion. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Limited growth of the southern European market à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Regional airports gain bargaining power for second round à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Customers are very sensitive of price à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Ryanair and Easy Jet limit each others growth rout wise, need to live peaceful coexistence, or is likely to become the battlefield of the line (such as: London- Rome) -à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Face increase in air traffic control charges. As more planes fly in the sky. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Inability to prevent the introduction of fuel tax and environmental fees: this will reduce their growth potential because it depends on the price of the stimulus. 4.Evaluation of Ryanairs strategy Ryanair aims to establish itself as Europes leading low-fare scheduled passenger airline through continued improvement and expansion of low-cost services to their products. Ryanair aims to offer low fares, thus increasing the passenger traffic. A continued emphasis on cost control and operational efficiency is a very important part of the Ryanair way of doing things. Here are the key elements which make up Ryanairs strategy: Low fare: This is used to stimulate demand, their goal fare conscious leisure or business travelers who do not go, otherwise it will all or use other transport modes, such as car, coach or train. Ryanair to sell seats on the basis of one-way unlike most traditional carriers this change take effect in November 2001. Ryanair set fares based on demand for flights and with reference to the remainder of the scheduled departure date. 70% of the seats are the lowest fares in the sale of tickets can be assigned routes, once the full price of each seat. Ryanairs Dublin to London (Stansted) is the most popular passenger route in terms of passenger volume; with fares from 19.99 to 169.99 (available in the lower special promotions).In September 2003, Ryanair launched a fare promotion offers a total of two million seats on certain routes for free (excluding government taxes and passenger service charges) for travel period from September 2003 to 17th December 2003. These movements are very useful to consolidate Ryanairs low fares image. (M. Michel Alle ,Ryanair Plc. 2004) Frequent point-to-point short-haul flight routes. Ryanair provides frequent point-to-point service in the short-haul routes, airports and major population centers in the surrounding areas and tourist destinations. An average of 1.1 hours flying time has been an average line length of 746 kilometers, in 2003. Ryanair flight an average of 1.94 round per day from each line. Short-haul flights only option to allow Ryanair to provide frequent service, while eliminating the need to provide frill service customers, or they will no longer flights. Point-to-point flying (as opposed to the service center and spoke the traditional operators used) to avoid the cost of Ryanairs passengers to connect through service providers, including baggage transfers and transit passenger assistance costs. This is one of the key differences between Ryanair and traditional carriers. (M. Michel Alle, Ryanair Plc. 2004.) Commitment for safety and quality of maintenance. Ryanairs commitment to safety is the most important priority for the company and its management. This commitment begins with hiring and training of Ryanairs pilots, flight attendants and maintenance staff, and includes a policy to maintain its aircraft in accordance with the highest European airline industry standards. Ryanair has not been a single incident or significant damage to passengers or flight crew in the 19 years of operating history. Although Ryanair aims to operate its fleet in a cost-effective manner, management does not seek to extend Ryanairs low cost operating strategy of the regions security, maintenance, training and quality assurance. Routine maintenance and repair of aircraft carried out in-house, and the present contract airframe maintenance, engine overhaul services and routing of the maintenance contractor, these contract will be under reviewed.(M. Michel Alle ,Ryanair Plc. 2004) Ancillary Services: Ryanair offers a range of ancillary, revenue-generating services, including on-board merchandise, beverage and food sales, accommodation booking service, advertising, travel insurance, car rental and rail and bus tickets. Ryanair distribution of car rental, accommodation and travel insurance through its Web site and traditional telephone reservation offices. Management believes that providing these services through the Internet to allow Ryanair to increase sales, while at the same time, reduce cost per unit basis. Ancillary revenues, not including charter flights, increased by 68.1% (2002: 44%) and now accounts for 11.7% of total revenues compared to 9.4% in 2002. Customer service. Ryanairs strategy is to provide the best customer service performance of its peers group. According to reports by the Association of European Airlines and the airline announced its own statistics, Ryanair has made good on time, luggage lost less and less to cancel all of the rest group than their European counterparts. Ryanair realized that the strong focus on the implementation of these services and the operation of non-congested airports. 5.Recommendation To have the largest amount of routes, the lowest fare airline in Europe without any compromise Ryanairs business model, beyond all the other operators in all aspects, including quality of service. I think Ryanair is also eager to adhere to high growth. I think Ryanairs strategy has become a key factor in its great success. Therefore, in the end I applied all of these designed of recommendations to improve their business. The Recommendation of Ryanair are as following: Continue to look for ways to reduce costs Although Ryanair has the lowest cost base of any competitor, I believe Ryanair can continue to reduce its cost base, because it although at a lower pace of growth. Increase the frequency of existing routes European low-cost airline (LCC) market is not exhausted. Ryanair currently has a average 3.88 fights per capita daily of flight routes. This figure compared with Easyjet airlines and traditional carriers, is very low. This means that, Ryanair is the loss of business passengers who need a more flexible schedule. Ryanair added that if the frequency of some of their routes, they can effectively steal some passengers from the traditional carriers in order to increase market share. The development of smaller bases in the Continental Operating Bases With the low cost market saturation from London, Ryanair must to look at their other business base to expand their network. Dublin, Brussels, Hahn, etc can be developed. Although there is not the same demand, outside London there is sufficient demand to make considerable profits Open up new routes in Europe There are many possible routes are still not served by low-cost airlines. To make a viable way there must to at least 32,000 people each year. Research is needed to find out a feasible route before the competition. And the opening route to un-served destination, Ryanair can also open routes where the competition is more expensive traditional carriers to attract customers to the cheaper, no-frills choice Extended to the Central / Eastern Europe Eastern Europe is rapidly becoming a hotspot for tourist and business travelers continue to expand as the E.U., but Ryanair does not meet any of the more popular destinations. Other low-cost airlines has been established there, such as Sky Europe, but not all routes have been exhausted. There are still have many opportunities in this field. To actively seek market share from the Charter Market The Charter is a huge market of represents 25% of the total traffic in Europe. Ryanair must be aggressive in this market by vigorously promote DIY holidays, rather than group tours. With the increasing popularity of the Internet and the popularity of lower travel agents, which is the market cannot be ignored. Ryanair should be provided to small package destination and aim to strengthen the side of the business. Customer Service Overhaul Ryanair has a remarkable performance as tangible customer service (punctuality, time to complete the flight, etc.) views, but in the softer side of the customer service is not always good and have a lot of bad news. With this in mind Ryanair Airlines, while maintaining its strict rules and regulations, must to be adjusted on this area.